Various Types of Beam in Metal Structures
Beams are structural parts used horizontally or slant and transfer the loads perpendicular to their axis to the abutments, usually columns. Tensile stress and pressure are imposed on different layers of the beam on account of these loads.
Various types of Beam in Steel Structures
Beams are named as follows in terms of their task in the construction structure.
Girder
The main load-bearing member on the roof transfers the loads imposed by the joists to the columns.
Joist
A light-weight beam that transfers the load of the roof to the girder.
Lintel
The beam is used on the top of the construction openings such as door or window.
Spandrel
The beams used in the construction surroundings and besides, bearing the load of the roof, bear the load of the curtain walls as well and used for beam framing of the construction.
Purlin
A profile light-weight beam, z or I, is used for bearing the light-weight loads in industrial constructions.
Beam in terms of Support Status
Three common types of support for beams include roller support, movable support, and a fixed support. The roller support resists the movements perpendicular to its axis, while, movable support resists movements in any direction. Both roller and movable supports can spin and rotate in the location of support. Fixed support prevents any movement and rotation in any direction in the support location. Accordingly, the beams can be categorized as simple, projected (simple cantilever beam), cantilevered beam, fixed-end beam, and continuous beam.
The simple beam has only one end and one of its ends supports is a roller and the other one is movable. A beam with simple supports, which are not located on the ends is called a projected beam. The cantilevered beam has one fixed end and one free end. A beam with two fixed ends is a fixed-end beam. A beam with more than two simple supports is a continuous beam.
Loads Imposed on Beam
With respect to its location, the beams bear disparate loads. These loads can be centralized, uniformly-distributed load, and non-uniform load (linear) or a combination of them.
Beam Load-Bearing Surface
The share of each beam from the load of the rood, the amount of load imposed on the load-bearing surface of the beam. If the ratio of the length to the width of the roof slab is higher than 2, the respective slab is a one-way slab, otherwise, it is a two-way slab. In girders, the status of the girder differs regarding whether the girder receives the load from a one-way slab or a two-way slab. In case the load is from a one-way slab, the load-bearing width is in the middle of two neighboring openings. In case the girder receives the load from a two-way slab, its load-bearing surface can be obtained by illustrating the bisector of angles. Consequently, the load imposed on the girder will be triangular or trapezius.
Slabs such as rough brick arch, block joist, and composite slab all have one-way behavior.
Various types of one-way slabs and reinforced concrete slabs generally have two-way behavior.
Deflection
Beams deflect due to different loads imposed on them, which is called beam deflection. In case the load is not more than a proper amount after loading, the beam will return to its primary shape. The behavior of the beam is called elastic behavior.
Appropriate Profiles for Beams
Sections are considered to be economic in terms of bending that has a lower cross-section and as a result the weight per unit length per equal bending capacity. A rolled profile such as IPE, INP, IPB, and UNP are among the most efficient profiles for bending. When the resistance of the rolled section is less
then the available bending moment, which can be strengthened by adding more components on the flanges such as straps or plates.
If the reinforced sections are not sufficient for the respective opening and load, a plate girder is used that is composed of two flanges and one web plate, which are connected together by welding and form as I profile.
Girders
are not sufficient, plate girder is used that is composed of two flanges and one web plate, which are connected together by welding and form as I profile.
Girders
Girders are the main horizontal metal members, which are connected to the columns by the required connections and transfer the load of the floors to the columns. The metal girders might be used as follows.
1. Single or a pair of ordinary beam
2. Wide flange beam
3. Ordinary beam with stiffener on flange or web
The beam manufactured by reinforcement of the standard rolled flange profile by plate through welding or screw method is called an ordinary beam with stiffener on the flange. Besides, by cutting the common profiles (IPE) in half, the web of the beam and plate connection and the appropriate plate are cut in half and reinforce the beam. This method is economic for profiles with a grade of higher than 20.
Plate Girder
The thick plates cannot be transformed into a profile by forming. Thus, cut the web and flange plate in the intended width and connect by welding to achieve the desired profile. These sections are called plate girders.
Joists
Joists of the stringer horizontal members, which are connected to girders and transmit the roof load to girders. In case the construction roof is rough brick arch or composite. The joists must be placed by at least 1 to 1.5 m between the girders.
The joists are normally manufactured from the rolled profiles, i.e. either IPE or INP as a beehive.
Lintel
In case of an opening on the wall in order to create a door or window, a beam should be on top of the opening to maintain the stability of the above brick wall. It is called Lintel The least support of the lintel is 20-cm on both sides, the two 20-cm and there must be a concrete cushion on all support points. To maintain the coherence of the wall during the earthquake, the coherent spur is used in the lintel.
Spandrel
The beams used in the construction surroundings and besides, bearing the load of the roof, bear the load of the curtain walls as well and used for beam framing of the construction.
Honeycomb Beams
They are called Honeycomb Beam due to their shape after their construction operation. This type of beams have several holes on their web that resembles a honeycomb, thus they are called honeycomb beams.
Honeycomb Beams Pros & Cons
By turning the ordinary beam into a honeycomb, the bending strength of the section increases as well, Consequently, the final beam will be longer and the reason for stronger. Besides, by reduction of the weight of the materials and beams, they are cost-effective. Besides, the installation and electrical pipes cab be passed from the holes created on the web.
In the construction of the honeycomb beam that leads to an increase in height, the standard must be observed. Otherwise, the beam might break under the load imposed on it.
Date: 13/02/2018
Various types of Beam in Steel Structures
Beams are named as follows in terms of their task in the construction structure.
Girder
The main load-bearing member on the roof transfers the loads imposed by the joists to the columns.
Joist
A light-weight beam that transfers the load of the roof to the girder.
Lintel
The beam is used on the top of the construction openings such as door or window.
Spandrel
The beams used in the construction surroundings and besides, bearing the load of the roof, bear the load of the curtain walls as well and used for beam framing of the construction.
Purlin
A profile light-weight beam, z or I, is used for bearing the light-weight loads in industrial constructions.
Beam in terms of Support Status
Three common types of support for beams include roller support, movable support, and a fixed support. The roller support resists the movements perpendicular to its axis, while, movable support resists movements in any direction. Both roller and movable supports can spin and rotate in the location of support. Fixed support prevents any movement and rotation in any direction in the support location. Accordingly, the beams can be categorized as simple, projected (simple cantilever beam), cantilevered beam, fixed-end beam, and continuous beam.
The simple beam has only one end and one of its ends supports is a roller and the other one is movable. A beam with simple supports, which are not located on the ends is called a projected beam. The cantilevered beam has one fixed end and one free end. A beam with two fixed ends is a fixed-end beam. A beam with more than two simple supports is a continuous beam.
Loads Imposed on Beam
With respect to its location, the beams bear disparate loads. These loads can be centralized, uniformly-distributed load, and non-uniform load (linear) or a combination of them.
Beam Load-Bearing Surface
The share of each beam from the load of the rood, the amount of load imposed on the load-bearing surface of the beam. If the ratio of the length to the width of the roof slab is higher than 2, the respective slab is a one-way slab, otherwise, it is a two-way slab. In girders, the status of the girder differs regarding whether the girder receives the load from a one-way slab or a two-way slab. In case the load is from a one-way slab, the load-bearing width is in the middle of two neighboring openings. In case the girder receives the load from a two-way slab, its load-bearing surface can be obtained by illustrating the bisector of angles. Consequently, the load imposed on the girder will be triangular or trapezius.
Slabs such as rough brick arch, block joist, and composite slab all have one-way behavior.
Various types of one-way slabs and reinforced concrete slabs generally have two-way behavior.
Deflection
Beams deflect due to different loads imposed on them, which is called beam deflection. In case the load is not more than a proper amount after loading, the beam will return to its primary shape. The behavior of the beam is called elastic behavior.
Appropriate Profiles for Beams
Sections are considered to be economic in terms of bending that has a lower cross-section and as a result the weight per unit length per equal bending capacity. A rolled profile such as IPE, INP, IPB, and UNP are among the most efficient profiles for bending. When the resistance of the rolled section is less
then the available bending moment, which can be strengthened by adding more components on the flanges such as straps or plates.
If the reinforced sections are not sufficient for the respective opening and load, a plate girder is used that is composed of two flanges and one web plate, which are connected together by welding and form as I profile.
Girders
are not sufficient, plate girder is used that is composed of two flanges and one web plate, which are connected together by welding and form as I profile.
Girders
Girders are the main horizontal metal members, which are connected to the columns by the required connections and transfer the load of the floors to the columns. The metal girders might be used as follows.
1. Single or a pair of ordinary beam
2. Wide flange beam
3. Ordinary beam with stiffener on flange or web
The beam manufactured by reinforcement of the standard rolled flange profile by plate through welding or screw method is called an ordinary beam with stiffener on the flange. Besides, by cutting the common profiles (IPE) in half, the web of the beam and plate connection and the appropriate plate are cut in half and reinforce the beam. This method is economic for profiles with a grade of higher than 20.
Plate Girder
The thick plates cannot be transformed into a profile by forming. Thus, cut the web and flange plate in the intended width and connect by welding to achieve the desired profile. These sections are called plate girders.
Joists
Joists of the stringer horizontal members, which are connected to girders and transmit the roof load to girders. In case the construction roof is rough brick arch or composite. The joists must be placed by at least 1 to 1.5 m between the girders.
The joists are normally manufactured from the rolled profiles, i.e. either IPE or INP as a beehive.
Lintel
In case of an opening on the wall in order to create a door or window, a beam should be on top of the opening to maintain the stability of the above brick wall. It is called Lintel The least support of the lintel is 20-cm on both sides, the two 20-cm and there must be a concrete cushion on all support points. To maintain the coherence of the wall during the earthquake, the coherent spur is used in the lintel.
Spandrel
The beams used in the construction surroundings and besides, bearing the load of the roof, bear the load of the curtain walls as well and used for beam framing of the construction.
Honeycomb Beams
They are called Honeycomb Beam due to their shape after their construction operation. This type of beams have several holes on their web that resembles a honeycomb, thus they are called honeycomb beams.
Honeycomb Beams Pros & Cons
By turning the ordinary beam into a honeycomb, the bending strength of the section increases as well, Consequently, the final beam will be longer and the reason for stronger. Besides, by reduction of the weight of the materials and beams, they are cost-effective. Besides, the installation and electrical pipes cab be passed from the holes created on the web.
In the construction of the honeycomb beam that leads to an increase in height, the standard must be observed. Otherwise, the beam might break under the load imposed on it.
Date: 13/02/2018